نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مکانیک، واحد اراک، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اراک.

2 استاد، مهندسی مکانیک، دانشگاه امام حسین، تهران.

3 دانشیار، دانشکده مهندسی و علم مواد، دانشگاه صنعتی همدان، همدا ن.

10.22068/jstc.2019.96375.1482

چکیده

در این مقاله تأثیر افزودن نانو صفحات اکسید گرافن بر خواص بالستیکی و جذب انرژی کامپوزیت زمینه آلومینیومی Al6061 تولید شده به روش ریخته گری گردابی و نورد گرم بررسی شده است. برای ساخت نمونه ها، از اختلاط نانو صفحات اکسید گرافن به عنوان تقویت کننده در درصدهای وزنی 0.0، 0.2، 0.5 و 0.8 در مذاب آلیاژ آلومینیوم استفاده شد. سپس عملیات نورد گرم در دمای 530 درجه سانتی گراد روی قطعات ریختگی انجام گرفت. رفتار مکانیکی نانو کامپوزیت با انجام آزمون کشش شبه استاتیکی بررسی شد. به علاوه آزمون نفوذ بر روی صفحات Al6061-GO با ابعاد 60 میلی‌متر و ضخامت 4.2 میلی‌متر با استفاده از پرتابه های سر تخت با نسبت منظری L/d>3، در ســـرعت های 100-300 متر بر ثانیه صورت گرفت. در 24 آزمایش، سرعت اولیه و باقیمانده پرتابه ها اندازه گیری شد و سرعت حد بالستیک برای نمونه های کامپوزیتی تعیین گردید. چقرمگی در آزمون کشش و همچنین مد شکست و میزان جذب انرژی نمونه‌ها در آزمون نفوذ مورد بحث قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که با افزودن درصد وزنی نانو صفحات اکسید گرافن، سرعت حد بالستیک نمونه های کامپوزیتی تا 24 درصد نسبت به آلیاژ پایه بهبود یافته است. همچنین میزان جذب انرژی نمونه های کامپوزیتی در بارگذاری شبه استاتیکی و ضربه‌ای به ترتیب 116 و 107 درصد نسبت به آلیاژ آلومینیومی 6061 افزایش داشته است. این مشاهدات حاکی ازنقش بسیار خوب نانو صفحات اکسید گرافن بر روی جذب انرژی آلیاژ آلومینیومی دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of graphene oxide reinforcement on the ballistic properties of Al6061-GO nanocomposite

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahdi Hedayatian 1
  • Khodadad Vahedi 2
  • Alireza Nezamabadi 1
  • Amir Momeni 3

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.

2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran

3 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan, Iran.

چکیده [English]

In this paper, the effect of graphene oxide (GO) nano-plates on the ballistic properties and energy absorption of Al6061 aluminum matrix composites produced by stir casting and hot rolling was investigated. The Al6061-Go nano-composites were fabricated by mixing GO nano-plates with weight percentages of 0.0, 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8, in the molten aluminum. Then, hot rolling was carried out at 530 °C on the cast samples. Mechanical behavior of nano-composites was investigated by performing quasi-static tensile tests. The perforation tests on the Al6061-GO plates, with the dimension of 60604.2 mm, was carried out using flat head projectiles with the aspect ratio of L/d >3, at the speeds of 100-300 m/s. The initial and residual velocity of projectiles was measured through 24 experiments, and the ballistic limit velocity was calculated for the fabricated nano-composites. The toughness, the fracture mode and energy absorption of the samples, were evaluated through the tensile and perforation tests, respectively. The results showed that by adding GO nano-plates, the ballistic limit velocity of the composite specimens improves by 24 % with respect to the base alloy. Also, the energy absorption of composite specimens in quasi-static and impact loading was respectively ameliorated by 116 % and 107 %. These results indicated that GO nano-plates are very effective on the energy absorption of 6061 aluminum alloy.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Graphene Oxide (GO)
  • Nano-composite
  • Al 6061
  • Ballistic limit
  • Energy absorption
[1] Miller, W. S., Zhuang, L., Bottema, J., Wittebrood, A. J., Smet, P. D., Haszler, A., “Recent Development in Aluminium Alloys for the Automotive Industry,” Mater Sci Eng A, Vol. 280, pp. 37–49, 2000.
[2] Smerd, R., Winkler, S., Salisbury, C., Worswick, M., Lloyd, D., Finn, M., “High Strain Rate Tensile Testing of Automotive Aluminum Alloy Sheet,” Int J Impact Eng, Vol. 32, pp. 541–560, 2005.
[3] Rodr´ıguez-Mill´an, M., Vaz-Romero, A., Rusinek, A., Rodríguez-Martínez, J. A., Arias, A., “Experimental Study on the Perforation Process of 5754-H111 and 6082-T6 Aluminium Plates Subjected to Normal Impact by Conical, Hemispherical and Blunt Projectiles,” Exp. Mech., Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 729–742, 2014.
[4] Corran, R. S. J., Shadbolt, P. J., Ruiz, C., “Impact Loading of Plates –an Experimental Investigation,” Int J lmpact Eng, Vol. 1, pp. 13–22, 2009.
[5] Fagerholt, E., Grytten, F., Gihleengen, B. E., Langseth, M., Børvik, T., “Continuous Out-of-Plane Deformation Measurements of AA5083-H116 Plates Subjected to Low-Velocity Impact Loading,” Int J Mech Sci, Vol. 52, pp. 689–705, 2010.
[6] Mohotti, D., Ngo, T., Mendis, P., Raman, S. N., “Polyurea Coated Composite Aluminium Plates Subjected to High Velocity Projectile Impact,” Int J Mater Des, Vol. 52, pp. 1–16, 2013.
[7] Iqbal, M. A., Khan, S. H., Ansari, R., Gupta, N. K., “Experimental and Numerical Studies of Double Nosed Projectile Impact on Aluminum Plates,” Int J lmpact Eng, Vol. 54, pp. 232–45, 2013.
[8] Antoinat, L., Kubler, R., Barou, J. L., Viot, P., Barrallier, L., “Perforation of Aluminium Alloy Thin Plates,” Int J Impact Eng, Vol. 75, pp. 255–67, 2015.
[9] Børvik, T., Langseth, M., Hopperstad, O. S. S., Malo, K. A., Berstad, T., “Perforation of 12 mm Tthick Steel Plates by 20 mm Diameter Projectiles with Flat, Hemispherical and Conical Noses Part II: Numerical Simulations,” Int. J. Impact Eng, Vol. 27, pp. 37–64, 2002.
[10] Børvik, T., Hopperstad, O. S., Langseth, M., Malo, K. A., “Effect of Target Thickness in Blunt Projectile Penetration of Weldox 460 E Steel Plates,” Int. J. Impact Eng, Vol. 28 (4), pp. 413–464, 2003.
[11] Børvik, T., Clausen, A. H., Hopperstad, O. S., Langseth, M., “Perforation of AA5083-H116 Aluminium Plates with Conical-Nose Steel Projectiles—Experimental Study,” Int. J. Impact Eng, Vol. 30 (4), pp. 367–384, 2004.
[12] Gupta, N. K., Madhu, V., “Normal and Oblique Impact of Kinetic Energy Projectile on Mild Steel Plates,” Int. J. Impact Eng, Vol. 12 (3), pp. 333–343, 1992.
[13] Gupta, N. K., Iqbal, M. A., Sekhon, G. S., “Experimental and Numerical Studies on the Behavior of Thin Aluminum Plates Subjected to Impact by Blunt- and Hemispherical-Nosed Projectiles,” Int. J. Impact Eng, Vol. 32 (12), pp. 1921–1944, 2006.
[14] Rodriguez-Millan, M., Garcia-Gonzalez, D., Rusinek, A., Abed, F., Arias, A., “Perforation Mechanics of 2024 Aluminum Protective Plates Subjected to Impact by Different Nose Shapes of Projectiles,” Thin-Walled Struct, Vol. 123, pp. 1–10, 2018.
[15] Taghipoor, H., Malekzade Fard, K., Bigdeli, A., “Experimental, Numerical and Analytical Study of Energy Absorption in High Velocity Penetration Phenomena on Composite Targets”, In Persian, Journal of Science and Technology of Composites, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 12-24, 2018.
[16] Alemi Ardakani, E., Kalantar, M., Mosallaee Pour, M., Ghasemi Banad Kouki, S. S., “Production and Characterization of in-situ Al-Mn-Al2O3 Composite Produced in Al-MnO2 System”, In Persian, Journal of Science and Technology of Composites, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 277-284, 2016.
[17] Khademian, M., Saeedi Heydari, M., Alizadeh, A., Baharvandi, H.  R., “Investigation the Effect of Hot Rolling Process on Properties and Microstructure of Al-B4C Composite by Vorte,” In Persian, Modares Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 14, pp. 140-146, 2014.
[18] Onoro, J., Salvador, M., Cambronero, L., “High-Temperature Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Alloys Reinforced with Boron Carbide Particles,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, Vol. 499, pp. 421-426, 2009.
[19] Yazdani, A., Salahinejad, E., “Evolution of Reinforcement Distribution in Al–B4C Composites During Accumulative Roll Bonding,” Materials & Design, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 3137-3142, 2011.
[20] Lee, Y. S., Wetzel, E. D., Egres, R. G., Wagner, N. J., “Advanced Body Armor Utilizing Shear Thickening Fluids,” 23rd Army Science Conference, Orlando, pp. 29-40, 2002.
[21] Sun, L., Gibson, R. F., Gordaninejad, F., Suhr, J., “Energy Absorption Capability of Nanocomposites: A Review,” Compos. Sci. Technol., Vol. 69, pp. 2392–2409, 2009.
[22] Sinmazçelik, T., Avcu, E., Bora, M. Ö., Çoban, O., “A Review: Fibre Metal Laminates, Background, Bonding Types and Applied Test Methods,” Materials & Design, Vol. 32, No. 7, pp. 3671-3685, 2011.
 [23] Parhizkar, M., Vaziri, A., “Study of Mechanical and Ballistic Properties of Nano Armor”, In Persian, Iranian Journal of  Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 23, No. 99, pp. 62-73, 2014.
[24] Geim, A. K., Novoselov, K. S., “The Rise of Graphene”, Nature Materials, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 183-191, 2007.
[25] Kim, H., Abdala, A. A., Macosko, C. W., “Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites”, Macromolecules, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 6515-6530, 2010.
[26] Kalaitzidou, K., Fukushima, H., Drzal, L. T., “Mechanical Properties and Morphological Characterization of Exfoliated Graphite–Polypropylene Nanocomposites”, Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., Vol. 38, No. 7, pp. 1675-1682, 2007.
[27] Shokrieh, M. M., Ahmadi Joneidi, V., “Manufacturing and Experimental Characterization of Graphene/Polypropylene Nanocomposites”, In Persian, Modares Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 13, No. 11, pp. 55-63, 2014.
[28] Zarei Darani, S., Naghdabadi, R., Jokar, E., Irajizad, A., “Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Graphene Oxide/Epoxy Nanocomposites in Different Strain rates,” In Persian,  Modares Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 16, No. 12, pp. 61-66, 2016.
[29] Khansari, M., Khodarahmi, H., Vaziri, A., “Experimental Study of Ballistic Properties of Hybrid Aluminum and Epoxy Matrix Composite Reinforced with Carbon Nanotube,” In Persian, Modares Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 17, No. 8, pp. 126-132, 2017.
[30] Shin, S. E., Choi, H. J., Shin, J. H., Bae, D. H., “Strengthening Behavior of Few-Layered Graphene/Aluminum Composites,” Carbon, Vol. 82, pp. 143-151, 2015.
[31] Milliere, C., Suery, M., “Fabrication and Properties of Metal Matrix Composites Based on SiC Reinforcement Reinforced Aluminum Alloys,” Mater. Sci. Technol. Vol. 4, pp. 41-51, 2013.
[32] Tabesh, A. Ebrahimi, Gh.and Ezatpour, H.R., “The Investigation and Comparison of Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Al/CNT and Al/CNT/Al2O3 Composites Produced by Mixed Accumulative Roll Bounding ”, In Persian, Journal of Science and Technology of Composites, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 464-470, 2018.
[33] Zukas, J. A., Nicholas, R., Swift, H. F., Greszczuk, L. B., Curran, D. R., “Impact Dynamics,” John Wiley & Sons, New York, chapter 5, 1982.
[34] Raguramana, M., Debb, A., Gupta, N. K., “Semi-Empirical Procedures for Estimation of Residual Velocity and Ballistic Limit for Impact on Mild Steel Plates by Projectiles,” Lat. Am. J. Solids Struct., Vol. 7, pp. 63–76, 2010.
[35] Khoramishad, H., Khodaei, M. and Bagheri Tofighi, M., “Sensitivity of the Impact Behavior of Multi-layered Metal Laminates to the Position of Material Parameters Variations”, in Persian, Journal of Science and Technology of Composites, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 23-34, 2014.
 [36] Nouri Niyaraki, M., Ashenai Ghasemi, F., Ghasemi, I., and Daneshpayeh, S., “Experimental Analysis of Graphene Nanoparticles and Glass Fibers Effect on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polypropylene/EPDM Based Nanocomposites”, In Persian, Journal of Science and Technology of Composites, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 169-176, 2018.
 [37] Kazemi khasrag, E. Siadati, M.H. and Eslami-Farsani, R., “Effect of Surface Modification of Graphene Nanoplatelets on the High Velocity Impact Behavior of Basalt Fibers Reinforced Polymer-Based Composites”, In Persian, Journal of Science and Technology of Composites, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 109-116, 2018.