Journal of Science and Technology of Composites

Investigation of the Effect of 3D printing parameters on shape-shifting of flat sturctures to Three-Dimensional Shapes

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

3D printing technology is one of the new manufacturing methods that can be used to build folding structures. Folding structures are made flat and deformed into three-dimensional shapes by an actuator. FDM process is one of the most common and cheap 3D printing processes that in this study, the most effective parameters of this process were investigated. For this purpose, the optimal values of printing parameters including printing pattern, thickness of each layer, filling percentage and nozzle temperature to achieve maximum deformation (curvature) were determined by Taguchi experiment design. Then, by adjusting these parameters, the effect of printing speed and total thickness on curvature was investigated. The results showed that with increasing printing speed, the curvature increases and with increasing the total thickness, the curvature decreases. Also, assuming that the curvature is only due to thermal changes, the relationships were extracted using the classical layer theory and compared with the experimental results. This comparison showed that thermal changes alone are not the only cause of curvature and other factors such as residual stresses and shape memory seem to be involved.

Keywords

References
[1] Na, J.H., et al., “Programming reversibly self‐folding origami with micropatterned photo‐crosslinkable polymer trilayers,” Advanced Materials journal, Vol. 1, No. 27,  pp. 79-85, 2015.
[2] Gracias, D.H., et al., “Forming electrical networks in three dimensions by self-assembly,” science journal, Vol. 289, No. 5482,  pp. 1170-1172, 2000.
[3] Randall, C.L., Gultepe, E., and Gracias, D.H., “Self-folding devices and materials for biomedical applications,” Trends in biotechnology journal, Vol. 3, No. 30,  pp. 138-146, 2012.
[4] Xia, F., et al., “Two-dimensional material nanophotonics,”. Nature Photonics journal, Vol. 8, No. 12,  pp. 899-914, 2014. 
[5] Hu, J., et al., “Recent advances in shape–memory polymers: Structure, mechanism, functionality, modeling and applications,” Progress in Polymer Science journal, Vol. 37, No. 12,  pp. 1720-1763, 2012.
[6] Hopkinson, N., Hague, R. and Dickens, P., “Rapid manufacturing: an industrial revolution for the digital age,” John Wiley & Sons, pp. 356-357,  2006.
[7] Allen, R.J. and Trask, R.S., “An experimental demonstration of effective Curved Layer Fused Filament Fabrication utilising a parallel deposition robot,” Additive Manufacturing journal, Vol. 8, pp. 78-87, 2015.
[8] Bellehumeur, C., et al., “Modeling of bond formation between polymer filaments in the fused deposition modeling process,” Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 6, No. 2,  pp. 170-178, 2015.
[9] Lee, A.Y., An, J. and Chua, C.K., “Two-way 4D printing: a review on the reversibility of 3D-printed shape memory materials”. Engineering journal, Vol. 3, No. 5,  pp. 663-674, 2017.
[10] Bodaghi, M., Damanpack, A. and Liao,W., “Adaptive metamaterials by functionally graded 4D printing,” Materials & Design journal, Vol. 135,  pp. 26-36, 2017.
[11] Ionov, L., Hydrogel-based actuators: possibilities and limitations. Materials Today, 17(10): p. 494-503, 2014.
[12] Jeon, S.-J., Hauser, A.W. and Hayward, R.C., “Shape-morphing materials from stimuli-responsive hydrogel hybrids,” Accounts of chemical research journal, Vol. 5, No. 2,  pp. 161-169, 2017.
[13] Woltman, S.J., Jay, G.D. and Crawford, G.P., “Liquid-crystal materials find a new order in biomedical applications,” Nature materials journal, Vol. 6, No. 12,  pp. 929-938, 2007.
[14] Ohm, C., Brehmer, M., and Zentel, R., “Liquid crystalline elastomers as actuators and sensors,” journal of Advanced Materials, Vol. 22, No. 31,  pp. 3366-3387, 2010.
[15] Liu, Y., et al., “Self-folding of polymer sheets using local light absorption,” Soft matter journal, Vol. 8, No. 6,  pp. 1764-1769, 2012.
[16] Mao, Y., et al., “Sequential self-folding structures by 3D printed digital shape memory polymers,” Scientific reports journal, pp. 13616-13628, 2015.
[17] Janbaz, S., Hedayati, R. and Zadpoor, A., “Programming the shape-shifting of flat soft matter: from self-rolling/self-twisting materials to self-folding origami,” Materials Horizons journal, Vol. 3, No. 6,  pp. 536-547, 2016.
[18] Wu, J., et al., “Multi-shape active composites by 3D printing of digital shape memory polymers,” Scientific reports journal, pp. 24224-24238, 2016.
[19] van Manen, T., Janbaz, S. and Zadpoor, A.A., “Programming 2D/3D shape-shifting with hobbyist 3D printers,” Materials Horizons journal, Vol. 4, No. 6,  pp. 1064-1069, 2017. 
[20] Raviv, D., et al., “Active printed materials for complex self-evolving deformations,” Scientific reports journal, 2014. 4: p. 7422.  Vol. 4,  pp. 7422-7429, 2014.
[21] Felton, S.M., et al., “Self-folding with shape memory composites,” journal of  Soft Matter, Vol. 9, No. 32,  pp. 7688-7694, 2013.
[22] Tolley, M.T., et al., “Self-folding origami: shape memory composites activated by uniform heating,” Smart Materials and Structures journal, 2014. 23(9): p. 094006.   Vol. 23, No. 9, 2014.
[23] Yang, W.p. and Tarng, Y., “Design optimization of cutting parameters for turning operations based on the Taguchi method,” Journal of materials processing technology, Vol. 84, No. 3,  pp. 122-129, 1998.
[24] ASTM D 638 -02a, “Standard test method for tensile properties of plastics,” 2003.
Journal of Science and Technology of Composites
Volume 7, Issue 4
March 2021
Pages 1271-1278
Files
Share
How to cite
Statistics