Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,, University of Bonab,, Bonab,, Iran
2
Faculty of Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab, Iran
3
School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
10.22068/jstc.2026.2090920.1958
Abstract
In this study, the effect of stacking sequence on the mechanical properties and low-velocity impact behavior of hybrid Innegra/flax composites was experimentally investigated. Two symmetric stacking sequences, [F₂/I₂]ₛ and [I₂/F₂]ₛ, were fabricated using the hand lay-up technique and subjected to tensile, flexural, and low-velocity impact tests. Low-velocity impact tests were conducted at three impact energy levels of 5.64, 11.28, and 22.56 J. The impact response was evaluated using force–time, force–displacement, and absorbed energy–time curves. The tensile results revealed that the [I₂/F₂]ₛ laminate exhibited superior mechanical performance, achieving a tensile strength of 75 MPa and a tensile modulus of 5.08 GPa, compared with 71 MPa and 4.51 GPa for the [F₂/I₂]ₛ laminate. In the flexural test, the [F₂/I₂]ₛ laminate exhibited a flexural strength of 128 MPa and a flexural modulus of 0.095 GPa, whereas the [I₂/F₂]ₛ laminate showed a higher flexural strain of 5.75%. Furthermore, the impact results demonstrated that placing flax fibers in the outer layers increased the peak impact force at intermediate and high impact energy levels. In contrast, positioning Innegra fibers in the outer layers produced more symmetric force–time responses, a more gradual reduction in contact force, and delayed the propagation of internal damage, thereby enhancing the overall impact performance of the hybrid composite.
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