Journal of Science  and Technology of Composites

Journal of Science and Technology of Composites

Creep Behaviour Comparison in Thermoset Polymer Matrix Composites Based on Single Integral Schapery and Four Parameter Burgers Models

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
10.22068/jstc.2025.2064251.1924
Abstract
In this study two viscoelastic analytical models -the four-parameter Burgers model and the single-integral Schapery model- were compared, analyzed, and evaluated for predicting the long-term creep behavior of glass/vinylester composite laminates. The parameters of the Burgers viscoelastic model were characterized using available experimental data. Since using the same set of characterized parameters from the creep stage in the recovery stage resulted in significant discrepancies between experimental results and the Burgers analytical model, the model parameters for the creep and recovery stages were characterized separately. The results obtained from the Burgers model showed significantly better agreement with experimental data for glass/ vinylester composite laminates, especially at high temperature and stress levels, compared to the Schapery model. This agreement was observed clearly in both the creep and recovery stages. Furthermore, the effects of temperature and stress on the variations of the Burgers model parameters were investigated, revealing that these parameters change with varying temperature and stress levels. Subsequently, the governing equations describing the variation of these parameters with respect to temperature and stress were derived. Finally, the creep compliance, creep modulus, damage factor, and creep strain rate were calculated at each stage. The results for glass/ vinylester composite laminates indicate that with increasing temperature and stress levels, the creep compliance, damage factor, and creep strain rate increase, while the creep modulus decreases.
Keywords
Subjects

[1] Papanicolaou, G., Zaoutsos, S., “Viscoelastic Constitutive Modeling Of Creep And Stress Relaxation In Polymers And Polymer Matrix Composites,” In Creep And Fatigue In Polymer Matrix Composites, Second ed., Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, pp. 3–59, 2019.
[2] Harrison, W. J., Evans, W. J., “Application Of The Theta Projection Method To Creep Modelling Using Abaqus,” Abaqus Regional Users Conference, Swansea University, Swansea, UK. 2007.‏
[3] Zabulionis, D., Gailius, A., “Numerical Modelling Of Creep Functions Of Laminated Composites,” Mechanika, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 5–11, 2007.
[4] Chen, D.-L., Yang, P.-F., Lai, Y.-S., “A Review Of Three-Dimensional Viscoelastic Models With An Application To Viscoelasticity Characterization Using Nanoindentation,” Elsever, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 541–558, 2012.
[5] Guedes, R. M., “Creep And Fatigue In Polymer Matrix Composites,” Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2019.
[6] Yen, S.-C., Williamson, F.L., “Accelerated Characterization Of Creep Response An Off-Axis Composite Material,” Composites Science And Technology, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 103–118, 1990.
[7] Guede, R., “Creep And Fatigue Lifetime Prediction Of Polymer Matrix Composites Based On Simple Cumulative Damage Laws,” Composites Part A: Applied Science And Manufacturing, Vol. 39, No. 11, pp. 1716–1725, 2008.
[8] Muliana, A., Nair, A., Khan, K. A., Wagner, S., “Characterization Of Thermo-Mechanical And Long-Term Behaviors Of Multi-Layered Composite Materials,” Composites Science And Technology, Vol. 66, No. 15, pp. 2907–2924, 2006.
[9] Mohan, M., Adams, DF., “Nonlinear Creep-Recovery Response Of Polymer Matrix And Its Composites,” Experimental Mechanic, Vol. 25 pp. 262–271, 1985.
[10] Muddasani, M., Sawant, S., Muliana, A., “Thermo-Viscoelastic Responses Of Multilayered Polymer Composites: Experimental And Numerical Studies,” Composite Structures, Vol. 92, No. 11, pp. 2641–2652, 2010.
[11] Katouzian, M., Bruller, O. S., Horoschenkoff, A., “On The Effect Of Temperature On The Creep Behavior Of Neat And Carbon Fiber Reinforced PEEK And Epoxy Resin,” J Compos Mater, Vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 372–87, 1995.
[12] Song, R., Muliana, A. H., Palazotto, A., “An Empirical Approach To Evaluate Creep Responses In Polymers And Polymeric Composites And Determination Of Design Stresses,” Composite Structures, Vol. 148, pp. 207–223, 2016.
[13] Muliana A., Haj-Ali, R., “Multiscale Modeling For The Long-Term Behavior Of Laminated Composite Structures,” AIAA journal, Vol. 43, No. 8, pp. 1815–1822, 2005.
[14] Hiel, C. C., Brinson, H. F., Cardon. A. H., “The Nonlinear Viscoelastic Response Of Resin Matrix Composites,” Applied Science, Vol. 2, pp. 271–281, 1983.
[15] Violette, M. G., Schapery, R., “Time-Dependent Compressive Strength Of Unidirectional Viscoelastic Composite Materials,” Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials, Vol. 6, pp. 133–145, 2002.
[16] Jain, R., Goswamy, S., Asthana, K., “A Study Of The Effect Of Natural Weathering On The Creep Behaviour Of Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polyester Laminates,” Polymer Composites, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 39–43, 1979.
[17] Faraz, M., Besseling, N., Korobko, A., Picken, S., “Characterization And Modeling Of Creep Behavior Of a Thermoset Nanocomposite,” Polymer Composites, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 322-329, 2015.
[18] Dezulier, Q., Clement, A., Davies, P., acquemin, F. J., Arhant, M., Flageul, B., “Characterization And Modelling Of The Hygro-Viscoelastic Behaviour Of Polymer-Based Composites Used In Marine Environment,” Philosophical Transactions Of The Royal Society A, Vol. 381, No. 2240, p.p 20210221, 2023.
[19] Ornaghi, H. L., Almeida, J. H. S., Monticeli, F. M., Neves, R. M., Cioffi, M. O. H., “Time-Temperature Behavior Of Carbon/Epoxy Laminates Under Creep Loading,” Mechanics Of Time-Dependent Materials, Vol. 25, pp. 601–615, 2021.
[20] Jia, Y., Jiang, Z. M., Gong, X. L., Zhang, Z., “Creep Of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Reinforced With Ozone Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes,” Express Polymer Letters, Vol. 6, No. 9, p.p 750–758, 2012.
[21] Mosiewicki, M. A., Marcovich, N. E., Aranguren, M. I., “Creep Behavior Of Wood Flour Composites Made From Linseed Oil‐Based Polyester Thermosets,” Journal Of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 121, No. 5, pp. 2626–2633, 2011.
[22] Sun, T., Yu, C., Yang, W., Zhong, J., Xu, Q., “Experimental And Numerical Research On The Nonlinear Creep Response Of Polymeric Composites Under Humid Environments,” Composite Structures, Vol. 251, pp. 112673, 2020.
[23] Papanicolaou, G., Xepapadaki, A., Tagaris, G., “Effect Of Thermal Shock Cycling On The Creep Behavior Of Glass-Epoxy Composites,” Composite Structures, Vol. 88, No. 3, pp. 436–442, 2009.
[24] Berardi, V. P., Perrella, M., Armentani, E., Cricrì, G., “Experimental Investigation And Numerical Modeling Of Creep Response Of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites,” Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 1085–1095, 2021.
[25] Brauner, C., Herrmann, A. S., Niemeier, P. M., Schubert, K., “Analysis Of The Non-Linear Load And Temperature-Dependent Creep Behaviour Of Thermoplastic Composite Materials,” Journal Of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 302–317, 2017.
[26] Zhao, L., Wei, Y., Zhang, G. W., Xi, F., “Short‐Term Creep Properties And Creep Model Of Wood‐Plastic Composites,” Polymer Composites, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 924–933, 2022.
[27] Xu, Y., Wu, Q., Lei, Y., Yao, F., “Creep Behavior Of Bagasse Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 101, No. 9, pp. 3280–3286, 2010.
[28] Georgiopoulos, P., Kontou, E., Christopoulos, A., “Short-Term Creep Behavior Of a Biodegradable Polymer Reinforced With Wood-Fibers,” Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 80, pp. 134–144, 2015.
[29] Yi, S., Hilton, H. H., Ahmad, M. F., “Nonlinear Thermo-Viscoelastic Analysis Of Interlaminar Stresses In Laminated Composites,” Journal Of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 218–224, 1996.
[30] Yi, S., Ahmad, M. F., Hilton, H. H. “Nonlinear Viscoelastic Stress Singularities Near Free Edges Of Unsymmetrically Laminated Composites,” International Journal Of Solids And Structures, Vol. 35, No. 24, pp. 3221–3237, 1998.
[31] Yi, S., “Finite Element Analysis Of Free Edge Stresses In Non‐Linear Viscoelastic Composites Under Uniaxial Extension, Bending And Twisting Loadings,” International journal For Numerical Methods In Engineering, Vol. 40, No. 22, pp. 4225–4238, 1997.
[32] Scott, D. W., Zureick, A.-H., “Compression Creep Of a Pultruded E-Glass/Vinylester Composite,” Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 58, No. 8, pp. 1361–1369, 1998.
[33] Hosseinpour, K., Ghasemi, A. R., “Thermal Variations Of Thermo-Mechanical Loading Effects On Creep Stress And Strain Distribution In Multi-layered Composite Cylinder,” Mechanics Of Advanced Composite Structures, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 115–123, 2022.
[34] Zhang, S. Y., Xiang, X. Y., “Creep Characterization Of a Fiber Reinforced Plastic Material,” Journal of Reinforced Plastics And Composites, Vol. 11, No. 10, pp. 1187–1194, 1992.
[35] Harper, B., Weitsman, Y., “Characterization Method For a Class Of Thermorheologically Complex Materials,” Journal of Rheology, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 49–66, 1985.
[36] Lou, Y., Schapery, R. A., “Viscoelastic Characterization Of a Nonlinear Fiber-Reinforced Plastic,” Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 208–234, 1971.
[37] Papanicolaou, G. C., Xepapadaki, A., Abiramia, G., Jiga, G., “Viscoelastic Characterization Of a Glass-Epoxy Composite,” Materiale Plastice, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 221–227, 2008.
[38] Findley, W. N., Davis, F. A., “Creep And Relaxation Of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Materials,” Courier Corporation, New York, 2013.